张宏江：人工智能如何帮人类进入科研新范式？******
中新网北京12月10日电 “人工智能能够如何帮助我们进入科研的新范式？”
这是美国国家工程院外籍院士、北京智源人工智能研究院理事长张宏江，12月9日在2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛的主题论坛“人工智能引领韧性治理与未来科技”中，抛出的一个问题。
2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛由清华大学主办、清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院(I-AIIG)承办，中国新闻网作为战略合作伙伴，联合国开发计划署(UNDP)、联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)等国际组织、国内外学术机构支持。
美国国家工程院外籍院士、北京智源人工智能研究院理事长张宏江，在2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛的主题论坛“人工智能引领韧性治理与未来科技”上发言。主办方供图张宏江认为，回顾人类科学发展的历史，不同发展阶段经历了不同的科学发现范式。
“几千年前，人类就通过观察、实验来描述自然现象。比如‘日心说’是通过对天象的观察来对整个宇宙。随着科学的发展，四五百年前，理论模型范式出现。人们通过对某一现象的观察总结出理论，从而指导新的科学研究。五六十年前，尤其当大型计算机出现后，面临更复杂的问题，比如天气预报、地震模拟，人们无法再用简单的物理公式、简单的方程构建完整的模拟系统研究理论，人们引入了计算范式，用计算来模拟的方式做科学研究。到二十年前，我们进入大数据时代，科研中积累的大量数据可以进一步驱动物理模型。”
“今天，我们进入了一个新的科研范式。”张宏江说，人工智能经过多年发展，尤其过去15年深度学习的发展，使得人们能够给科学研究推出一个新的范式。“这个范式是AI驱动的范式。实际是用深度学习的算法，直接从数据中建立新的模型，其背后是数据、模型、算法和算力。”
张宏江指出，深度学习在革命性地推动了语言、图像和视频处理、识别和应用之后，正在迅速地改变科学研究的范式，这种新的范式就是物理世界的“数字化+自动化+深度学习”。
他说，“今天我们进入了一个黄金期，新的设计范式，都可以借用深度学习的方法进行赋能。”
张宏江坦言，未来十年蕴含着科学发展与产业创新机会，包括数据、模型、算法、算力，其核心是背后的跨学科人才。(完)
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾****** 中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄 由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。 麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。 一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。 此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。 作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。 美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。 这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。 从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。 两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy". The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader. Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party. On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration. On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses. Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees. As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives. But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker. CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful. This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally. Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits. From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public. Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world. The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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